JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION

Ziyaulhaq Zakariyya Muhammad; Aliyu Danjuma Usman; Umar-faruk Ahmad Abdu-aguye; Kabir Ahmad Abubilal; Abduolie Momodu Sunkary Tekanyi; Abduljalal Yushau Kassim

doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

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Original Research

NJE. 2026; 33(2): 18-25

doi: 10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION

Ziyaulhaq Zakariyya Muhammad, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, Umar-faruk Ahmad Abdu-aguye, Kabir Ahmad Abubilal, Abduolie Momodu Sunkary Tekanyi, Abduljalal Yushau Kassim.

Abstract
Free-space optical (FSO) links are prime candidates for 6G wireless backhaul and fronthaul networks. However, standard On-Off Keying (OOK) and Digital Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM) schemes face rigid trade-off between power efficiency, spectral occupancy, and fading resilience. This paper proposes a hybrid modulation that encodes data jointly in pulse amplitude and inter-pulse intervals, combining OOK and DPIM within a unified architecture. Closed-form bit error rate (BER) expressions are derived using the Meijer-G function framework under composite atmospheric channels combining Gamma-Gamma turbulence, Rayleigh Pointing errors, and Beer-Lambert weather attenuation (fog, rain, haze, snow, and dust). Numerical optimization yields an optimal power split factor of δ_"opt" =0.52, between the DPIM temporal layer and OOK amplitude layer. At a target BER of 10^(-6), the proposed hybrid improves spectral efficiency by 40% over standard OOK and requires 5 dB less electrical SNR than the benchmark PPM-OOK hybrid scheme under identical composite channel conditions. These gains demonstrate that joint amplitude- temporal modulation provides a high-reliability, band-efficient solution for 6G FSO infrastructure targeting ≥ 10 Gbps throughput with sub-millisecond latency.

Key words: Free-space optical communication, hybrid modulation, OOK-DPIM, 6G networks, atmospheric effects, spectral efficiency, Meijer-G-function.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Muhammad ZZ, Usman AD, Abdu-aguye UA, Abubilal KA, Tekanyi AMS, Kassim AY. JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. NJE. 2026; 33(2): 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

Web Style

Muhammad ZZ, Usman AD, Abdu-aguye UA, Abubilal KA, Tekanyi AMS, Kassim AY. JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=327317 [Access: September 28, 2026]. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Muhammad ZZ, Usman AD, Abdu-aguye UA, Abubilal KA, Tekanyi AMS, Kassim AY. JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. NJE. 2026; 33(2): 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Muhammad ZZ, Usman AD, Abdu-aguye UA, Abubilal KA, Tekanyi AMS, Kassim AY. JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. NJE. (2026), [cited September 28, 2026]; 33(2): 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

Harvard Style

Muhammad, Z. Z., Usman, . A. D., Abdu-aguye, . U. A., Abubilal, . K. A., Tekanyi, . A. M. S. & Kassim, . A. Y. (2026) JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. NJE, 33 (2), 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

Turabian Style

Muhammad, Ziyaulhaq Zakariyya, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, Umar-faruk Ahmad Abdu-aguye, Kabir Ahmad Abubilal, Abduolie Momodu Sunkary Tekanyi, and Abduljalal Yushau Kassim. 2026. JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 33 (2), 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

Chicago Style

Muhammad, Ziyaulhaq Zakariyya, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, Umar-faruk Ahmad Abdu-aguye, Kabir Ahmad Abubilal, Abduolie Momodu Sunkary Tekanyi, and Abduljalal Yushau Kassim. "JOINT AMPLITUDE-TEMPORAL MODULATION FOR 6G FREE SPACE OPTICAL LINK: A HYBRID OOK-DPIM SCHEME WITH OPTIMIZED POWER ALLOCATION." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 33 (2026), 18-25. doi:10.5455/nje.2026.33.02.03

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