E-ISSN 2705-3954 | ISSN 0794-4756
 
2026, Vol: 33, Issue: 1
33 / 1Current Issue Online FirstArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles

Original Research
Online Published: 25 May 2023
 


Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System

T. Sani, A. B. Kunya, N. Abdulazeez.


Abstract
In this paper, a load frequency control (LFC) of high voltage direct current (HVDC)-linked interconnected multi-area power system (MPS) is presented. The control scheme is aimed at maintaining a near-zero steady state errors for deviation in frequency and inter-area power flow within acceptable limit in a three-area MPS. The proposed LFC was realized with aid of proportional integral (PI) controller designed in a decoupled form and a supplementary power modulation controller (SPMC). The SPMC regulates flow of DC power through the DC-link. The PI controllers are optimized based on integral square error (ISE) using quasi-oppositional whale optimization algorithm (QOWOA). The efficacy of the proposed LFC scheme was demonstrated through time-based simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The system responses are compared with those obtained in conventional AC system. The comparative analysis revealed the superiority of the developed QOWOA-optimized HVDC-linked over the conventional AC system. The overshoot and settling times of frequency deviation and tie-line powers are used as the performance metrics.

Key words: Load frequency control, HVDC, supplementary power modulation controller, whale optimization algorithm


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by T. Sani
Articles by A. B. Kunya
Articles by N. Abdulazeez
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sani T, Kunya AB, Abdulazeez N. Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . NJE. 2023; 30(1): 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07

Web Style

Sani T, Kunya AB, Abdulazeez N. Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=154521 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sani T, Kunya AB, Abdulazeez N. Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . NJE. 2023; 30(1): 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sani T, Kunya AB, Abdulazeez N. Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . NJE. (2023), [cited June 27, 2026]; 30(1): 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


Harvard Style

Sani, T., Kunya, . A. B. & Abdulazeez, . N. (2023) Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . NJE, 30 (1), 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


Turabian Style

Sani, T., A. B. Kunya, and N. Abdulazeez. 2023. Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 30 (1), 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


Chicago Style

Sani, T., A. B. Kunya, and N. Abdulazeez. "Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System ." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 30 (2023), 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sani, T., A. B. Kunya, and N. Abdulazeez. "Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System ." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 30.1 (2023), 43-48. Print. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sani, T., Kunya, . A. B. & Abdulazeez, . N. (2023) Load Frequency Control of a HVDC–Linked Multi–Area Interconnected Power System . Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 30 (1), 43-48. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.01.07


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherEditorial Review PolicyPeer Review PolicyEditorial & Peer Review ProcessPlagiarism PolicyPolicy on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

About Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Nigerian Journal of Engineering (NJE) is a publication of the Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - Nigeria. NJE publishes origina ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

The Editor–in–Chief

Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Ahmadu Bello University

Samaru - Zaria Nigeria

E-mails:

nje@abu.edu.ng, njeabu@yahoo.com